WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

For sustainable development we have to understand two important component of it which are given below.

1. Life style improvement
2. Environment protection

   1.Life style improvement :

• It consist economic and social system. They are truly responsible for the improving lifestyle. Here the reason is given below.
• Economic system for sustainability require that the society select the growth path that generates optimal flow of income for better living. Income involves the revenue income, capital income and natural income.
• There are three basic goals to sustain economic system namely, (i) Increasing production of goods  (ii) Satisfying basic needs  (iii) Improving equality
• The social system for sustainable development is based on two principles namely justice and equity which is indicating that all citizens should have access to minimum standard of living, human rights, amenities, social benefits, security such as food, health, education, shelter and opportunities of self development.

    2. Environment protection :

• The development should be always based on the conservation of the ecological and environmental system. We all dependent on environment directly and indirectly for the existence of us. Hence, it is very important to conserve the quality of environment.
• No development becomes sustainable without proper conservation of both natural resources and biodiversity.
• Following steps to be taken for environment protection
• Reduce deforestation and save trees.
• Promote afforestation.
• Save energy of electricity and water.
• Manage chemical waste from factories.
• Manage solid waste.
• Minimize combustion of coal.
• Proper planning for water resources.

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

• Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.
• Improvement of life styles and well being with the preserving natural resources and ecosystem is also known as sustainable development.
• It is a development, Which involves economic and social criteria without destroying the natural system or environment.
• To promote sustainable development, A number of steps to be taken by us is given below.

1. Improving energy efficiency
2. Saving forest
3. Adopting water resource management
4. Reducing pollution
5. Planning well design cities
6. Safeguarding biodiversity
7. Accomplishing the second green revolution
8. Stabilizing world population
9. Stop environmental destructive subsidies
10. Managing coastal zones and ocean fisheries

• Some of the steps has been processed and achieved.
• For sustainable development, We have to work together to achieve more progress in above mentioned areas.

WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT.

• The main purpose of solid waste management is to minimize the adverse effect on the environment.
• Three simple techniques to control pollution due to solid waste are known as three "R"s namely, Reduce, Recycle and Reuse before destruction.

   1. Reduce :

• Shrinking the waste to stream is the best way and better option than struggling with disposal methods. Waste reduction can be achieved in three basic ways

   (i). Reducing the amount of material used per product                   without sacrificing the utility of product in industries.

   (ii). Increasing the lifespan of product and eliminating the             need of product in replace of first.

   (iii). Reduction of waste on household level is achieved by            refusing bags at store, using laundry detergent refills              instead of purchasing new containers bringing your                own bag at grocery shops.

    2. Recycle :

• Recycling means reprocessing of discarded materials into new useful things. It is a complete different thing from reuse. In this we will make either different product or another from the discarded refuse. For example, old aluminum cans and glass bottles re usually melted and recast into new cans and bottles. This is called recycling. It will be reduce the cost of product, waste management and cost of product.

    3. Reuse :

• Reuse is preferred to use of the product without recycling it to hold various small things into it or to make any handcraft or else. For example, Toffee bottles are used to store screw or bolts in it.

METHODS FOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL AND MANAGEMENT

Different disposal methods are used in various parts of the world are given below :

1. Open dumping
2. Sanitary land filling
3. Incineration
4. Composting
5. Compaction
6. Pulverization

   1. Open dumping : 

• It is a simple,cheapest and unplanned method so, it is most commonly used in India because it does not require any technical detailing.
• It also has some drawbacks.
• The open dump cause public health problems by encouraging the breeding of files, rats, mosquitoes and other pastes.
• Open dumping required large land and this land is directly connected with residential and other structures which has continuous movement of public, so it is hazard for human health.
• This open dump also spreads air pollution through irritation smells and unhygienic air.
• This dumping land is very far from the city. so transport cost for the solid waste, makes it very costly.

   2. Sanitary land filling :

• Sanitary land filling is a method of disposing waste on land without creating hazard to public health and safety. The operation carried out for this method is environment friendly. It is simple, cheap and effective.
• This method is carried out in following steps.
• A land is excavated up to 5 meters.
• Waste is laid in thin layers. These layers are called cells.
• These layers are compacted with some mechanical equipment and covered with soil with height of 20 cm and  again compacted.
• The depth of cell should not exceed the height of 2 meter.
• Decomposition is performed by micro-organisms for the organic matter and degrade them.
• Decomposition is similar to that in composting.
• When the cells reaches to final destination, the final layer is laid with the height of 1 meter thick with 20 cm soil on it and compacted.
• This is a biological treatment for waste.

   3. Incineration :

• This method is suitable for combustible waste.
• It involves the burning of solid wastes at high temperature.
• It is suitable for crowded cities where sites for land filling are not available.
• High construction and operation costs.
• Sometimes used to reduce the volume of solid wastes for land filling.
• It involves two burning chambers.
• Primary chamber designed to facilitate rapid burning of moist waste and complete combustion of waste.
• After this, It lefts ashes , metals and some UN-burnt wastes. And these residue are took in the second chamber.
• Secondary chamber operated on temperature above 700 degree C.
• All unburnt and semi burnt material are completely burnt here.
• Because it operated in plant not openly, so it makes less air pollution.

4. Composting :

• It is similar method to sanitary land fill.
• It is an aerobic method in which, bacterial decomposition take place and organic components of municipal waste are results in the formation of compost.
• It involves two methods namely, Open window composting and mechanical composting.
• This method is very popular because It is beneficial like It can dispose of solid waste and It can produce the valuable manure for use in agriculture.

5. Compaction :

• After separation, the non biodegradable waste is carried out in mechanical compressor in which they are reduce by its volume. These compressed waste material is filled either in large containers or solid bales.

6. Pulverization :

• In this method, the solid waste is pulverized in grinding machine so as reduce its volume. 
• From this it becomes a partially odourless and unattractive to insects.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.

The overall objectives of solid waste management is to minimize the adverse environmental effects caused by the solid waste and its disposal.

Solid waste management system include following elements  :

1. Waste generation :
Those activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value or useless and they are thrown away for disposal.

2. Storage :
Those rubbish and garbage are collected and store at site handling for further process. 
3. Collection :
These activity include various items collection and dispatch them for further process.

4. Transfer and transport :
Those activities associated with the transfer of waste from small collection yard to large storage yard where they being separated and transport those waste over a long distance in large vehicle to the disposal site.

5. Processing and recovery : 
Those activities equipment and techniques are used to improve efficiency of other function of element. It will recover the material for use or convert energy from solid waste.

6. Disposal :
Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid waste including sludge from waste water plant, compost and residue from other substances from various solid waste processing plant to transport on land fill sites.

WHAT IS NOISE POLLUTION? CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION.

• Any unwanted or excessive sound that can have deleterious effects on human health and environmental quality is known as noise pollution.
• As per Indian law for noise pollution, Long exposure at 85 dB (decibel) is dangerous; at 120 dB, even short exposure can do damage.
• Noise can be defined as an unpleasant and unwanted sound.

      Main causes for noise pollution :

  1. Industries :

• After the introduction of technology, Industrialization was developed at quick frequency. The most excessive noise pollution are spreads by industries such as Textile mills, printing presses, engineering establishments and metal works etc. contribute heavily towards noise pollution. 
• These operate from workshops located on the ground floors of the residential areas and cause annoyance, discomfort and irri­tation to the residents exposed to the noise.

2. Transport vehicles :

• Automobile revolution is become a big source of noise pollution. Increasing traffic has given rise to traffic jams in congested areas where the repeatedly blowing of horns by impatient drivers pierce the ears of all road users.
• Heavy trucks, buses, trains, jet-planes, motor-cycles, scooters, mopeds, jeeps etc. are the list of vehicles that are endless use  but the outcome is same — noise pollution.

3. Household :

• The household is a source of many indoor noises such as the banging of doors, noise of playing children, crying of infants, moving of furniture, loud conversation of the inhabitants etc. Besides these are the entertainment equipment in the house, namely the radio, record-players and television sets. Domestic gadgets like the mixer-grinders, pressure cookers, desert coolers, air- conditioners, exhaust fans, vacuum cleaners, sewing and washing machines are all indoor sources of noise pollution.

4. Construction site :

• As we know the India is under construction country, Hence many construction are developed in now days. Those are equipped with too many machines such as mixer machine, lift machine, bulldozer, trucks, demolition machine, crane, generator and these machines are not operating silently. As well as some small machines also operated at construction site and they are breaker, driller, core cutter, steel cutter etc. are the sources of noise pollution.

5. Agricultural Machines :

• As we know the India is agricultural country. So many machines are used in agricultural practices like Tractors, thrashers, harvesters, tube wells, powered tillers etc. have all made agriculture highly mechanical but at the same time highly noisy.

6. Miscellaneous Sources:

• The automobile repair shops, blasting, bulldozing, stone crushing, Mining etc. are other sources of noise pollution.

      Effects of noise pollution :

Noise is generally harmful and a serious health hazard. It has far-reaching consequences and has many physical, physiological and psychological ef­fects on human beings.

1. Physical Effects:

• The physical effect from the noise pollution is inferior to hearing ability. Repeated exposure to noise may result in temporary or permanent shifting of the hearing ability of a person depending upon the decibel and duration of exposure. The immediate and acute effect of noise pollution is damage of hearing (i.e. total deafness.)

2. Physiological Effects :

• Headache by dilating blood vessels of the brain.
• Increase in the rate of heart-beat.
• Narrowing of arteries.
• Fluctuations in the arterial blood pressure by increasing the level of choles­terol in the blood.
• Decrease in heart output.
• Pain in the heart.
• Digestive spasms through anxiety and dilation of the pupil of the eye, thereby causing eye-strain.
• Impairment of night vision.
• Decrease in the rate of color perception.
• Lowering of concentration and affect on memory,
• Muscular strain and nervous breakdown.

3. Psychological Effects :

• Depression and fatigue which considerably reduce the efficiency of human.
• Insomnia or poor sleep or lack of sleep.
• Emotional disturbance.

WHAT IS SOLID WASTE? TYPES OF SOLID WASTE.

Solid wastes are wastes that not in the form of liquid or gaseous, such as durable goods, non-durable goods, containers and packaging food scraps, yard trimming and other miscellaneous inorganic wastes.

Types of solid wastes  :
1. Municipal solid waste
2. Garbage
3. Rubbish
4. Agricultural waste
5. Industrial waste
6. Pathological waste


1. Municipal solid waste (MSW):-
These comes from residential, commercial, institutional and industrial sources but it does not include construction waste, automobile bodies, combustion ash and industrial process waste.

2. Garbage :-
These are the solid waste produced during the preparation of storage of meat, fruit, vegetables etc. are called garbage. These are also a residential waste. These waste has 70% of moisture content. These waste materials are generally biodegradable in nature.

3. Rubbish :-
Rubbish is mainly non-biodegradable. It may be combustible or non-combustible. The combustible waste includes paper, wood, scrap, rubber, leather etc. Whereas non-combustible waste include metal, glass, ceramics, plastics etc. These wastes have 25% of moisture content.

4. Agricultural waste :-
Crop residue and animal manure are considered mainly as agricultural waste. Rural peoples mainly depend on these wastes as their main sources of fuels. Crop residue include stalks, stubble, leaves and seed pods and rice straw. These waste are used for produce ethanol.

5. Industrial waste :-
All type of solid waste from industries such as metallic and non-metallic material and organic compounds.

6. Pathological waste :-
The main source of this kind of waste is hospital and nursing home. It involves dead human body, animals, disposable glass and metallic items. This disposable and unwanted medical stuffs are also considered as biomedical wastes.